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AVR Pin Data Direction using binary Notation (i.e. 0b00101100)

Code for Setting a pin for output (data direction for a port - DDR) using binary notation for the Atmel AVR microcontroller.

Push Button and Switch Bounce (Intro to Debouncing)

General explanation of push button and switch bounce. Removeing the push button or switch bounce is called debouncing the swith or push button. Debouncing can be addressed in two ways, software debouncing and hardware debouncing.

Programming: Outputting a PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) on More Than One Pin of the AVR Microcontroller

Important aspects of outputting to more than one pin are as follows:

- Make sure the pins that will output the PWM are set for output data direction (i.e. DDRB = 0xFF for all PORT B pins output)

- Make sure that the pins will be set high in the interrupt service routine (ISR)

- Add another line within code block of the if (TCNT1>=800 && TCNT1<=2400) and make sure the pin reflect the correct output pin and the number after the TCNT1 >= value is correctly set for the position for that servo on that pin.

Result: Outputting a PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) on More Than One Pin of the AVR Microcontroller

Programming: Outputting a PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) on More Than One Pin of the AVR Microcontroller and Multiple Ports

Result: Outputting a PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) on More Than One Pin of the AVR Microcontroller and Multiple Ports

Only three servos were available, so the true output will not be shown.

Important aspects of outputting to more than one pin are as follows:

- Make sure the pins that will output the PWM are set for output data direction (i.e. DDRB = 0xFF for all PORT B pins output)

- Make sure that the pins will be set high in the interrupt service routine (ISR)

- Add another line within code block of the if (TCNT1>=800 && TCNT1<=2400) and make sure the pin reflect the correct output pin and the number after the TCNT1 >= value is correctly set for the position for that servo on that pin.

Programming: Setting up an LED for PORTB Pin 1

First the data direction register for port b (DDRB) and pin 0 must be set for output since the LED is be controlled.

The high or low state of that pin is already at a low state (by default) and that is how it need to be at the initialization.

Pointer Machine

A diagrammatic representation of a pointer machine that are related to data, nodes and fields where a field can point to another field. This is a way to understand how pointers work in c and c++ where an variable can be represented as a pointer and can point to an address of another variable.

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